Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar as diversas formas de silenciamento, a partir da análise de Rae Langton sobre a subordinação e o silenciamento das mulheres na pornografia. Ao longo do artigo, separarei a noção de silenciamento da temática da pornografia, abordando-a em uma perspectiva mais geral. Langton, baseando-se em John Austin, distingue três formas de silenciamento: locucionário, ilocucionário e perlocucionário. O artigo propõe a separação entre o silenciamento do ato de proferimento e o silenciamento do ato locucionário. Isso permitirá (...) a análise de quatro tipos de silenciamento do ato de proferimento: silenciamento físico, intimidatório, psicológico e estrutural. O uso da taxonomia de John Searle dos atos de fala nos permitirá notar de forma detalhada como o silenciamento dos atos ilocucionários se conecta às condições de realização dos atos. Isso nos permitirá distinguir, dentro do que Langton chama de silenciamento ilocucionário, três formas de silenciamento: o silenciamento das condições preparatórias, das condições de sinceridade e da condições essenciais. As diversas formas de silenciamento têm sido utilizadas para fins antidemocráticos e aplicadas de maneira sistemática. A compreensão das formas de silenciamento nos permitirá apontar estratégias para o combate dessas diversas formas. (shrink)

The main objective of this paper is to understand the logic role played by photographs in thoughts about entities known only through photographs. I will contrast two general interpretative lines: photography as knowledge by acquaintance and as knowledge by description. The analyses of those interpretations will take into account possible relations with discussions about metaphysics of time and episodic memory. Throughout the paper I will criticize the treatment of photography as acquaintance, based on John Zeimbekis' interpretation. In its treatment as (...) acquaintance, photography would play the logical role of a demonstrative that points to a particular entity in the past, through the causal route that links the photograph to its referent. The criticism of this concept has as its starting point the distinction between the causal referent of the photograph and its representational content. The thesis here developed is that the photographic content would not be sufficient to determine the numerical identity of the referent. Thus, it will be proposed a shift of the logic role played by photography from a referential role to a predicative. Photograph would exemplify phenomenal properties attributed to an entity known only by description. (shrink)

In order to analyse pictures shared in WhatsApp groups of Jair Bolsonaro supporters, I will explore the idea that the act of sending someone a picture through social media performs a speech act. Thus we can separate the utterance act, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, and the perlocutionary act. The pictures analysed were collected from January to September 2019, using the WhatsApp Monitor. My main philosophical argument will be in section 3, in which I develop the idea of pictorial (...) speech acts and its conceptual bases. To understand the communicational role of pictures it is necessary to supplement picture theories with a communicative act theory based on speech act. The development of the general outline of visual pragmatics is the main philosophical contribution envisaged in this paper. My last step it to argue that there are at least three forms of naivety that render the receivers prone to the uptake of the illocutionary act performed: aesthetic naivety, communicational naivety, and epistemic naivety. (shrink)

First I will explore the importance granted by Wittgenstein, in the middle period, to memory, in the primary/phenomenological world. According to him, memory is the source of time , past , knowledge and identity . The main objective of this article is to present Wittgenstein's reasons for the rejection of the phenomenological project, using as backdrop his analysis about time (and the abandonment of the semantical and epistemological roles granted to memory). For this purpose it will be crucial to understand (...) a false analogy, that according to him was the cause for the quest for an ideal language. This false analogy can be interpreted as the attribution of a mistaken status to memory (in the phenomenological sense), that leads to the illusion of a criteria of exactitude for the phenomenological description. At the end of this article, I will point out briefly the importance of those ideas to the understanding of the so called "private language argument". (shrink)